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Dog Related Veterinary Articles
Dogs require diligent care, vaccines, physical examinations, a good diet and lots of love. Learn how to care for your dog!
Dogs are frequently diagnosed with a variety of diseases. Learn more about the most common dog diseases.
Addison’s Disease
Overview
Hypoadrenocorticism, also called Addison’s disease, is an endocrine disorder that results from a deficient production of adrenal gland hormones. The most common cause of Addison’s disease is destruction of the adrenal gland tissue by the pet’s immune system. In Addison’s disease there is usually a deficiency of cortisol and a mineralocorticoid (aldosterone). Cortisol is responsible for combating stress. Aldosterone regulates the water, sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations in the body.
Addison’s disease is an uncommon disorder in dogs and is extremely rare in cats. It is thought to be inherited in Leonbergers, standard poodles, and Nova Scotia duck tolling retrievers. Certain other breeds may also be predisposed, such as the Airedale, bearded collie, German shepherd dog, German shorthair pointer, Great Dane, St. Bernard, English springer spaniel, West Highland white terrier, wheaten terrier, and Portuguese water dog.
Addison’s disease most often affects young to middle-aged dogs. About 70 percent of affected dogs are female.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Addison’s disease can be difficult to diagnosis since it mimics many other diseases. It is generally diagnosed by a thorough history, physical examination, bloodwork, urinalysis and an ACTH stimulation test.
Treatment depends on the severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Pets with Addison’s disease are treated with cortisol and mineralocorticoid replacement therapy. Some will need fluid and electrolyte support. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Poor appetite
- Vomiting
- Lethargy
- Weight loss
- Depression
- Diarrhea
- Excessive thirst
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Anal Sac Disease
Overview
The anal sacs are glands located near the anus (rectum) that produce secretions which are normally expressed during defecation. The secretions from these glands are normally foul-smelling and straw-colored with brown flecks. The normal function of these glands is to mark territory with a unique scent. Anal sac contents may also be expressed in times of fright producing a terrible odor in the area.
Dogs are more commonly affected with anal sac disease than cats, and small breed dogs are more commonly affected with anal sac impaction than large breed dogs. Older female dogs are more commonly affected with anal sac tumors.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Anal sac disease is generally diagnosed by a thorough history and rectal examination. Bloodwork, abdominal x-rays and abdominal ultrasound may be recommended if an anal gland tumor is suspected.
Treatment depends on the severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Pets with anal sac disease may be treated with anal gland expression, antibiotics, or in chronic cases or tumors, surgical removal of the glands. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Scooting
- Frequent licking of anal area or tail base
- Reluctance to sit or sitting asymmetrically to avoid pressure on the painful anal sac
- Straining to defecate, difficulty defecating, production of ribbon-like stools
- Painful swelling at the 4 o’clock or 8 o’clock locations around the anus
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Allergic Dermatitis
Overview
Allergic dermatitis is a general term to describe a group of skin allergies that may be caused by a multitude of factors in dogs. The most common classes of allergic dermatitis seen in dogs are flea bite allergy, food allergy and atopy. Atopy, also called atopic dermatitis, is an allergic condition caused by inhaled allergens, or absorption of allergens through the skin.
Atopy and flea bite allergy are usually seen in young adults, whereas food allergy can be seen at any age. There are a number of canine breeds predisposed to the development of atopy and some animals may be prone to development of certain allergies due to genetic factors. Allergic signs may be seasonal, depending on the cause of the allergy.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Allergic dermatitis is generally diagnosed by a thorough history, physical examination, skin scrapings, skin cytology and bloodwork. Additional tests such as allergy blood tests, intradermal allergy testing and dietary trials are also beneficial.
Treatment depends on the severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Pets with allergic dermatitis may be treated with special shampoos, topical medications, antibiotics, antihistamines, steroids, special diet or immunotherapy. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Scratching, licking, chewing or biting skin
- Red, raised scaly areas on the skin
- Thickened skin
- Loss of hair
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Dementia
Overview
Dementia, also known as senility or cognitive dysfunction, is a change in behavior seen in older dogs. Some feel it may be a normal aging change, however there appears to be a substantially accelerated form of dementia seen in some dogs.
The two most common complaints of owners with senile dogs are loss of housetraining and wandering during normal sleep time.
Cognitive dysfunction is seen in male and female dogs of all breeds that are at least 10 years old or older. The problem is progressive and the cause is unknown.
Dogs with cognitive dysfunction can disrupt their family’s routine with the house soiling, vocalization, wandering, and diminished family interaction.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Dementia is generally diagnosed by history and physical examination findings. There are behaviors that are typical for dogs with dementia. To rule out underlying disorders, bloodwork and x-rays may be recommended. In some cases, CT or MRI may be beneficial.
Treatment depends on the severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Some dogs benefit from behavior modification exercises and some can improve on medications such as deprenyl (Anipryl). Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Lameness
- Decreased interaction with the family
- Increased irritability
- Slowness in obeying commands
- Alterations in sleep-wake cycle
- Decreased responsiveness to sensory input problems performing previously learned behaviors
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Congestive Heart Failure
Overview
Heart failure is a condition, caused by an abnormality in the structure or the function of the heart, in which it is unable to pump normal quantities of blood to the tissues of the body. The heart is a pump, and when it fails, it often leads to fluid retention in the lung and the body cavities leading to congestive heart failure.
Dogs of any age and any breed can develop heart failure. There is a predisposition for heart failure caused by cardiomyopathy in giant canine breeds. Many older, small breed dogs develop heart failure from abnormal function of the heart valves as the valve tissue degenerates.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Congestive heart failure is generally diagnosed by chest x-rays, electrocardiogram (EKG) and an ultrasound examination of the heart (echocardiogram).
Treatment depends on the severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Acute therapy may include diuretics, Nitroglycerine ointment, oxygen as well as drugs to help maintain blood pressure if needed. The majority of dogs with congestive heart failure are treated at home with a diuretic (water pill) such as furosemide (Lasix) and angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors such as enalapril or benazepril and dietary sodium restriction. Additional drugs such as Digoxin and pimobendan may also be used with certain types of disease. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Coughing
- Shortness of breath
- Difficult breathing
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Epilepsy
Overview
Idiopathic epilepsy is a specific term referring to a seizure disorder that has no identifiable cause. The terms epilepsy, seizure, fit or convulsion all mean the same thing; the physical manifestation of a sudden, excessive electrical discharge of neurons in the brain that results in a series of involuntary contractions of the voluntary muscles, abnormal sensations, abnormal behaviors, or some combination of these events.
The physical manifestations of a seizure can vary with different pets from between a far-away look or twitching in one part of the face to your pet falling on his side, barking, gnashing his teeth, urinating, defecating and paddling his limbs.
Seizures usually appear suddenly and end spontaneously, and can last from seconds to minutes. Idiopathic epilepsy can occur in all breeds. In some breeds, idiopathic epilepsy has been proven to be genetic. These breeds include German shepherd dogs, keeshonds, Belgian tervurens, beagles, Irish setters, Saint Bernards, poodles, wirehaired fox terriers, cocker spaniels, Labrador retrievers and golden retrievers. Epilepsy typically starts at around 2 to 5 years of age.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
There is no test that will definitively diagnose epilepsy. It is considered a diagnosis of exclusion; all tests are negative for other causes of seizures therefore it is probably epilepsy. To rule out other diseases, a thorough history, physical examination and bloodwork is performed. Additional tests may also be preformed depending on your pet and your veterinarian.
Treatment depends on the severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Pets with epilepsy are commonly treated with Phenobarbital, diazepam or potassium bromide to control the seizures. Additional drugs to control seizures are being developed and may also be treatment options. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Seizures
- Staggering
- Loss of bowel or bladder control
- Gnashing teeth
Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Fractures (Broken Bones)
Overview
A fracture is a break in a bone and can occur in any bone. Some, like spinal fractures, have a higher priority to treat. The symptoms that arise with fractures are based on the body part injured and any organ damage. Fractures are usually caused by a traumatic event; however, pathologic fractures can occur from relatively low energy events when preexisting disease such as a tumor or a metabolic bone disease like rickets weakens the bone. Some breeds are also susceptible to particular fractures based on their anatomy, conformation and use (such as hunting or racing).
Because of the trauma involved with a fracture, it is imperative that your pet be checked for concurrent traumatic injuries. Though your pet’s fracture may seem traumatic, rarely is the fracture by itself a cause for urgent surgical treatment. Your pet should first be evaluated for shock, neurological problems and injury to internal organs.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Fractures are typically diagnosed through physical examination findings and x-rays of the affected area.
Treatment depends on the affected bone, additional injuries, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Depending on the bone, the fracture may be temporarily stabilized with a splint or bandage. Casting and/or surgery may eventually be necessary. Additional injures should also be treated. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Lameness
- Abnormal angle of a limb
- Painfulness
- Paralysis
- Extreme weakness or depression
- Difficulty breathing
- Abdominal discomfort or distention
- Change in mental status
* Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Otitis Externa
Overview
Otitis externa, commonly called an ear infection, is characterized by inflammation of the external ear canal and may be caused by yeast, bacteria or parasites. Ear infections are particularly prevalent in dogs with long, floppy ears.
Dogs predisposed to otitis externa include those with genetic predispositions to abnormal ear canals, such as the Chinese shar-pei; breeds with hair in the ears like poodles and terriers; breeds with long floppy ears such as cocker spaniels; or outside and working dogs that are exposed to water or foreign bodies. Breeds prone to allergies are also at increased risk for ear infections, such as golden retrievers.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Otitis externa is generally diagnosed by thorough physical examination, including an ear exam and microscopic examination of the discharge from the ear, and culture of the ear discharge to determine the underlying cause and the best
Treatment depends on the severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. The majority of animals with an ear infection are treated with topical ear medication. Some are also treated with oral antibiotics and possibly steroids. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Scratching or rubbing the ears
- Head shaking or head tilt
- Abnormal odor or discharge from the ear
- Pain when the ear is manipulated
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
ACUTE MOIST DERMATITIS IN DOGS
VetSuite Veterinarians ~ Edited by Andrew Hillier, BVSc, MACVSc, DACVD
In-Depth Content ~ Dermatology & Otic Diseases
Acute moist dermatitis, also referred to as hot spots or pyotraumatic dermatitis, is a skin condition characterized by localized, moist, erythematous areas. It is one of the most common presenting signs associated with canine skin disorders. Clinically the lesions appear to arise secondary to self-induced trauma. However, as extreme self-trauma in some dogs will not create a hot spot, while in others, minimal self-trauma can result in severe lesions, it seems apparent that other factors also contribute to the development of hot spots. It is important to be able to distinguish between pyotraumatic dermatitis and pyotraumatic folliculitis. In pyotraumatic dermatitis, the role of bacteria is unclear. If present, the bacterial infection is superficial, often considered to play a secondary role and usually controlled with topical therapy. In contrast, pyotraumatic folliculitis is caused initially by a bacterial skin infection that progresses. The clinician has to examine the lesion carefully to look for "satellite" lesions of papules or crusts (indicating Staphylococcal folliculitis), often only seen when the surrounding apparently normal area is shaved, to determine that the dog has pyotraumatic folliculitis.
Diagnosis Of Acute Moist Dermatitis
Etiology and Risk Factors
Causes - Hot spots are self-induced. The exact etiology is unknown, but anything that can initiate an itch-scratch cycle may predispose a pet to this condition. The animal is generally so intensely itchy that an area is traumatized in a very short period of time; severe lesions can be induced within hours in some patients. Once the damage is started, a self-perpetuating cycle of itching and scratching/chewing is initiated.
Risk factors
- Age - Young dogs seem to be predisposed.
- Breed/genetics - Longhaired and thick-coated breeds are more often affected. Golden retrievers, Saint Bernards, Labrador retrievers, German shepherd dogs and Rottweilers seem to be predisposed.
- Sex - No known risk
- Geographic/environmental - Acute moist dermatitis usually occurs during the summer months during times of high temperature and high relative humidity.
- Other medical disorders - Common underlying causes of hot spots include allergies, such as flea allergy dermatitis (most common), atopic dermatitis, food allergy, parasitic infestations such as scabies and demodicosis, otitis externa, anal sac disease, post-clipping/grooming trauma, foreign bodies and contact irritants. Rarely reported causes of hot spots include dermatophytosis, drug reactions, autoimmune disease and vasculitis.
Prevention - Identification of underlying causes in dogs with recurrent hot spots is essential in long-term prevention. An aggressive flea control program, especially in flea allergic dogs, and identification and specific treatment of other allergic dermatoses or parasitic infestations are highly indicated. Any other situations inducing the itch-scratch cycle (anal sac disease, clipping, foreign bodies in the hair coat etc.) should be considered and treated or avoided.
History And Clinical Signs
Presenting signs and historical problems - Hot spots may appear suddenly with a very rapid progression. The lesion is erythematous, swollen, alopecic, exudative, and plaque-like. The area is often painful. Crusting and matting of the hair may be present if the patient does not traumatize the area for a few hours. Pruritus is usually intense and the severe self-trauma can cause large lesions (10 cm or more) within hours.
Physical Examination Findings
General
- Attitude - The mental status is typically normal, but some dogs may be depressed if severely pruritic and painful.
- Body condition - Unremarkable
- Vital signs - The vital signs are often normal. Some dogs may have a fever.
- Mucous membranes - Unremarkable
- Hydration status - Most dogs are adequately hydrated.
- Head and neck - Typical lesions are located on the lateral aspect of the face below the ear. Ear examination often reveals otitis externa, which may be acute or chronic. It is important to perform an otoscopic examination to look for foreign bodies.
- Eyes - Unremarkable
- Oral cavity - Unremarkable
- Thorax (cardio-pulmonary) - Unremarkable
- Abdomen (gastrointestinal/urinary) - Examination of the anal sacs may reveal signs of impaction, inflammation or infection.
- Reproductive system - Unremarkable
- Lymph nodes - Unremarkable
- Integumentary system - Most commonly affected sites include the face on the cheek and at the base of the ear, caudal dorsal trunk, tail base and caudal and lateral thighs. Note presence of foreign bodies (e.g. grass awns, wood shavings), which may have played a causal role in the development of the hot spot. Shaving the surrounding hair coat is important in looking for satellite papules and crusts indicating pyotraumatic folliculitis.
- Neurologic examination - Unremarkable
- Musculoskeletal examination - Unremarkable
Diagnostic Studies
Pathology
- Cytology (fluid or tissue) - Performed from the surface of the lesions, satellite papules if present and ear exudate if present to document presence of bacterial (usually cocci) or yeast (Malassezia sp.) infections
- Deep skin scrapings - For demodectic mites
- Superficial skin scrapings - For scabies mites
Diagnosis And Prognisis
Differential diagnosis - Hot spots are rarely confused with other disorders. Determining the underlying cause, however, can be difficult. Potential underlying causes include:
- Flea allergy
- Foreign bodies
- Atopy
- Food allergy
- Otitis externa
- Contact irritants
- Scabies
- Demodex
- Anal sac disease
- Irritation after clipping or grooming
- Dermatophytosis (rare)
- Drug reaction (rare)
- Immune mediated disease (rare)
- Vasculitis (rare)
Recommended tests - Physical examination is the key to diagnosis.
Summary of diagnostic criteria - Diagnosis is based on the history of rapid onset and the clinical appearance.
Prognosis - When treated early, the prognosis is excellent. Unfortunately, if the underlying cause is not discovered and treated, recurrence is common.
Treatment of Acute Moist Dermatitis
Treatment Principles
There are 4 key treatment principles. These include:
- Cleaning and drying the lesion
- Systemic anti-inflammatory treatment to stop the itch-scratch cycle
- Systemic antibiotics if pyotraumatic folliculitis is present
- Identification and control of the underlying disease in the case of recurrent hot spots
Initial / Hospital Therapy
The involved area should be clipped and gently cleansed with a mild antiseptic, such as chlorhexadine. Sedation or even general anesthesia may be necessary where lesions are very painful or in fractious dogs. Drying agents are then used (Burow's solution, Domeboro solution [2% aluminum acetate], or aluminum acetate with 1% hydrocortisone [CortAstrin or Dermacool HC]). These same products can be used by the owner at home for a few days until the lesion is not pruritic and is dry.
An initial injection of a short-acting corticosteroids, such as prednisone, dosed at 0.5 mg/kg IM, is often used. For severely affected dogs, a further 2 to 5 days of oral prednisone (0.5 mg/kg once daily) may be necessary. There is no indication for the use of long-acting repositol injectable corticosteroids.
Long Term Therapy
Astringent products like Domeboro can be used for the first few days to dry out the area. Antipruritic sprays containing 1% hydrocortisone, 1.5% lidocaine or 1% pramoxine may also be helpful but are short acting. These same products can be used by the owner at home for a few days until the lesion is not pruritic and is dry.
Interruption of the itch cycle is crucial. Once the cycle is triggered, it is usually important to stop it in order to prevent self-mutilation. A short course of oral corticosteroids is often indicated (prednisone 0.5 mg/kg for 5 days). Elizabethan collars may be indicated to prevent self-trauma.
In the case of pyotraumatic folliculitis, systemic antibiotic treatment is necessary to resolve the infection. In those cases, a course of antibiotic treatment may be necessary. Cephalexin (22 mg/kg BID) given for 21 days is commonly used. For pyotraumatic dermatitis, the secondary bacterial infection on the surface of the lesion can usually be controlled with the use of topical antimicrobial agents (such as chlorhexidine and benzoyl peroxide) alone for a few days until the lesion is dry and non-pruritic.
Identification and treatment of any underlying cause is a very important part of the treatment. Failure to identify the cause of the hot spot will result in recurrent episodes. Many cases are secondary to a flea allergy, and aggressive flea control is usually necessary.
Follow-Up Care
Most cases resolve quickly after appropriate treatment. Those patients unresponsive to therapy or with recurrent hot spots require more extensive diagnostic tests to determine the underlying cause.
Atopy
Overview
Atopy is an itchy skin disease of animals that is caused by an allergy to substances in the environment that are contacted through the air, either by absorption through the respiratory tract or contact through the skin. Atopy is thought to be an inherited disease and is the second most common allergic skin condition in dogs; only flea allergy dermatitis is more common.
Symptoms of atopy usually begin relatively early in life, often by one year of age. Symptoms usually are seasonal at first, with most dogs showing clinical signs in the summer months when airborne allergens (such as plant pollens) are present in higher concentrations. As atopic dogs age, their symptoms tend to become less seasonal as they become allergic to more substances. Eventually, their itchiness can occur year-round.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Atopy is generally diagnosed by a thorough history, physical examination, skin scrapings and possibly allergy testing (blood tests or intradermal testing).
Treatment depends on the severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Licking or chewing at skin, especially paws
- Scratching or rubbing muzzle and/or ears
- Frequent head shaking
- Red, inflamed skin
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
More Articles On Dog Diseases
Just what is a symptom? A symptom is defined as a physical sign or physical sensation that is evidence a disease is present. Symptoms can guide your veterinarian toward a diagnosis or help your veterinarian decide which tests would be the most helpful for your pet. Once a disease is diagnosed, proper treatment can be administered. Learn more about the most common symptoms.
Abscess
Overview
An abscess is defined as a sac or lump that contains pus. Abscesses are generally caused by bacteria, parasites, or foreign material under the skin. Trauma to the skin or to the underlying tissues may predispose to infection and abscess formation.
Some abscesses heal without treatment if the white blood cells are able to destroy the invading cells. In this case, the active source of continued infection will be eliminated and the body will slowly absorb the pus that was created during the battle to destroy the invading material.
Frequently, though, abscesses do not heal without treatment and veterinary care is recommended.
Most commonly, abscesses are related to a recent fight or other penetrating puncture wound.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
The diagnosis of an abscess is typically accomplished through history, physical examination findings, and aspiration of a mass looking for pus.
Treatment depends on the cause and location of the abscess, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Treatment may include lancing and draining the abscess, antibiotics and cleaning the wound with disinfectant. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Redness, swelling, pain and/or discharge from wound
- Missing hair
- Poor Appetite
- Lethargy
* Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Alopecia
Overview
Alopecia is the complete or partial lack of hair in any area of the skin where hair would normally be found. It may be caused by self-trauma by scratching or chewing, hair follicle diseases that cause the hair to fall out, or the failure of hair to grow after normal loss. Hormonal abnormalities and other metabolic abnormalities may also cause hair loss.
Severe hair loss makes your dog more susceptible to the elements. In addition, some of the diseases that can cause alopecia may also have harmful effects on other organ systems of your dog.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
The underlying cause of alopecia is generally diagnosed by microscopic examination of the hair, skin scrapings, fungal cultures and possibly a biopsy of the skin. General blood work as well as thyroid and cortisol levels may be recommended to evaluate general health and for the differential diagnosis of hormonal or metabolic causes of hair loss.
Treatment depends on the severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. There is no specific treatment for alopecia. Instead, treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying cause of the problem. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Hair loss
- Abnormal appearance of the skin
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Cervical (Neck) Pain
Overview
Cervical disc disease involves the acute or chronic pressure of material from an intervertebral disc pressing on or around the spinal cord in the area of the neck.
The exact cause of disc degeneration is unknown but in many cases there is a change in the content of the disc from a soft, pliable gel to stiff mineral that can slowly compress the spinal cord or suddenly burst into the spinal canal. Discs in the cervical region of the spine can affect the front legs and the back legs to varying degrees. This disc disease can affect one side of the body or both sides.
Dogs may show only mild neck pain all the way through to complete paralysis of all four legs without the ability to perceive any sensation whatsoever. Sudden onset neck pain is the most common clinical sign.
Chondrodystrophic breeds such as dachshunds and Pekingese are among the breeds more commonly affected. There is a higher incidence in beagles. Most dogs are middle aged and there is no sex predilection.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Cervical pain is generally diagnosed by history, physical examination findings including a neurologic and orthopedic exam and x-rays of the neck.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the neck pain, severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Treatment may consist of anti-inflammatory medication and muscle relaxants. In severe cases, surgery may be recommended. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Sudden onset of neck pain
- Clumsiness or “walking drunk”
- Holding one front leg up when sitting
- Inability to walk
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Ear Discharge
Overview
Ear problems are one of the most common ailments afflicting dogs and cats and may be due to infection, trauma, parasites or other diseases. Most often, the first sign is the presence of discharge from the ear.
Sometimes, mild discharge is normal. Some pets tend to produce more wax than others. For other pets, ear discharge is often a sign of trouble.
Pets with ear problems usually start scratching when the trouble begins. The trauma of scratching causes swelling and discharge within the ear canal. The ears may then develop a secondary infection with either bacteria or yeast. Diseases that suppress the immune system and immune skin diseases can also lead to ear problems. Dogs with floppy, hairy ears and dogs that swim may be predisposed to developing ear infections and ear discharge.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Ear discharge is typically diagnosed through history and physical examination. The cause of the discharge requires further testing such as cytology (examining the discharge under a microscope), bacterial or fungal culture, bloodwork, or allergy testing.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the discharge, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Treatment may include thorough ear cleaning, ear medication, oral medication such as antibiotics and/or steroids, allergy medication or even surgery. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch For*:
- Ear scratching
- Head shaking
- Redness, swelling, discharge and odor from the ears
* Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Eye Discharge
Overview
Eye discharge is a common sign of eye disease. Abnormal discharge may develop suddenly or gradually. The discharge may be watery, mucoid (gray, ropy), mucopurulent (yellow-green, thickened) or bloody. In general, the more discharge present, the more serious the disease.
It is common for eye discharge to be associated with other symptoms such as pain, squinting, redness or rubbing at the eye.
There are numerous causes of eye discharge including a blocked tear duct, conjunctivitis, eyelid abnormalities, corneal ulcers, glaucoma, inflammation within the eye, trauma or dry eye.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Eye discharge is typically diagnosed through history and complete eye examination. The cause of the discharge generally requires further testing such as Schirmer tear test, fluorescein corneal staining, and measuring eye pressure. Additional tests such as cytology (examining cells under a microscope), bacterial or fungal culture, bloodwork, head x-rays or even CT or MRI may also be recommended.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the discharge, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Treatment may include topical eye medication, oral medication such as antibiotics and/or steroids or even surgery. Discuss treatment details when your pet is evaluated and the underlying condition causing the eye discharge is diagnosed.
What to Watch For*:
- Rubbing or scratching at eyes
- Eye redness
- Squinting
- Light sensitivity
- Swelling around the eyes
- Continued eye discharge
* Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Gastroenteritis
Overview
Acute vomiting and diarrhea are characterized by a sudden onset and short duration of less than two to three weeks. Acute vomiting and diarrhea are both extremely common in animals.
An occasional bout of vomiting and diarrhea may be typical in some dogs or cats however, severe, acute vomiting and diarrhea is not normal, and can be associated with life threatening illnesses. It can cause extreme fluid loss, acid-base imbalance, and electrolyte disturbance. There are many causes of gastroenteritis including dietary indiscretion, dietary intolerance, bacterial or viral infections, gastrointestinal parasite, drugs, toxins, obstruction, inflammatory bowel disease, various metabolic disorders, etc.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Gastroenteritis is typically diagnosed through history and physical examination findings. Determining the cause of the gastroenteritis requires further testing such as bloodwork, abdominal x-rays, abdominal ultrasound and fecal examinations.
Treatment depends on the underlying disorder, severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Treatment may include fluids, drugs to coat and soothe the gastrointestinal tract, drugs to stop vomiting, antibiotics, other drugs to treat the underlying disease. Initially, pets are not offered any food or water until the vomiting stops. Eventually the animal is temporarily fed a bland diet. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Vomiting and/or diarrhea for several days
- Dehydration
- Depression
- Listlessness
- Presence of blood in the stool or vomit
* Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Halitosis
Overview
Halitosis, or bad breath, is an unpleasant odor coming from your pet’s mouth. Usually halitosis has oral causes, although sometimes it can be caused by other disease processes. Causes include gingivitis (inflammation of the gums), periodontitis (inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the tooth), mouth ulcers, foreign objects, cancer of the mouth or severe kidney disease.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Halitosis is generally diagnosed by a thorough oral examination. To fully evaluate the teeth, dental x-rays are recommended. Bloodwork may also be recommended to look for underlying disease.
Treatment depends on the severity of the disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Pets with halitosis benefit from a thorough teeth cleaning and polishing. Sometimes diseased teeth need to be extracted. After cleaning, periodic flushing of the mouth with antiseptic can also help. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Bad breath
- Oral discharge
- Oral pain
- Bloody oral discharge
- Drooling
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
- Difficulty chewing
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Hematuria
Overview
Hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It may be visible to the naked eye or microscopic. Possible causes of hematuria include bacterial infections of the urinary tract, bladder or kidney stones, bleeding disorders, trauma, normal heat cycles in female dogs, medication related or even some cancers.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
The presence of hematuria is typically diagnosed through history, physical examination findings and urinalysis. The underlying cause of the hematuria requires further testing such as urine culture and bloodwork. In some cases, additional tests such as clotting tests, x-rays and ultrasound may be recommended.
Treatment depends on the cause of the hematuria, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Treatment may include antibiotics, dietary change, fluid therapy, surgery, and in cases of rat poison, vitamin K. Discuss treatment details when your pet is evaluated and the underlying condition causing the hematuria is diagnosed.
What to Watch for*:
- Blood in urine
- Painful or difficult urination
- Straining to urinate
- Frequent passage of small amounts of urine
- Abdominal pain
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Megaesopahus
Overview
Megaesophagus is a condition of decreased or absent movement of the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that carries food and water from the throat to the stomach. With megaesophagus, passing food all the way to the stomach becomes difficult, and the food may be regurgitated back up into the throat. This reduced motility usually results in dilation of the esophagus. In some animals, pneumonia secondary to regurgitation may occur when food is aspirated into the lungs.
Megaesophagus is seen in both dogs and cats; however, it is much more common in dogs. It is hereditary in the wirehaired fox terrier and miniature schnauzer. Other breeds commonly affected include the German shepherd dog, Newfoundland, Great Dane, Irish setter, Chinese shar-pei, pug, and greyhound.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Megaesophagus is generally diagnosed by physical examination, bloodwork and chest x-rays. Specialized tests such as acetylcholine receptor antibody titer may be recommended.
Treatment depends on the underlying disease, severity, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. In addition to treatment for any underlying cause, drugs to help gastrointestinal motility can help. Pets with secondary pneumonia are treated with antibiotics and fluid therapy. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Regurgitation of food and water
- Fever
- Cough
- Nasal discharge
- Salivation
- Difficulty swallowing
- Weight loss
- Poor body condition
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
Obesity
Overview
Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of body fat. Between 25 and 40 percent of pets are considered obese or are likely to become obese. It is the most common nutrition-related health condition in our society.
The primary causes of obesity are overeating and lack of exercise. When regular caloric intake exceeds the energy burned, the excess is stored as fat. As little as an extra 1 percent caloric intake can result in a 25 percent increase over ideal body weight by middle age.
Diagnosis and Treatment Notes:
Obesity is generally diagnosed by physical examination findings and a review of your pet’s weight and body condition score. To determine if there is an underlying disorder, bloodwork may be recommended including a thyroid level.
Treatment depends on your pet’s initial weight, body condition score, underlying disease, your individual pet, and your veterinarian. Daily caloric intake is lowered by changing the type or amount of food. Exercise should be slowly increased. Discuss treatment details when your pet is diagnosed with this condition.
What to Watch for*:
- Large body size
- Difficulty breathing
- Difficulty walking
- Exercise intolerance
- Heat intolerance
*Please notify us if you notice any of the above signs or if you have any questions!
More Dog Symptom Articles
It is important to be well informed about the drugs your pets take. Here is some helpful information about drugs and your pets.
Pets that are ill may have a variety of tests performed by a veterinarian. Here is information about the most common tests. Please check with our clinic to find out which tests are currently available.
THE IMPORTANCE OF A URINALYSIS
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures - Nephrology & Urology
What Is A Urinalysis?
A urinalysis is a laboratory test of urine commonly referred to by medical professionals as a “UA.” The urine is evaluated for the presence of certain chemicals. A microscopic exam of the urine is also done to look for abnormalities.
A urinalysis is indicated for evaluating pets with urinary abnormalities such as increased urine production, increased urinary frequency, straining to urinate, bloody urine or abnormal color to the urine. This test can also be helpful in cases of unexplained fever, loss of appetite or weight loss. A urinalysis is often done when indicated by the results of an X-ray, results of blood tests indicating a problem with the urinary system or as a follow up to physical examination when abnormalities are detected.
Any evaluation for health or illness should include a urinalysis. Urinalysis results can give an idea of hydration and kidney function; it can also indicate inflammation or infections in the urinary tract.
There is no real contraindication to performing this test. Even normal results help determine health or exclude certain diseases.
What Does A Urinalysis Reveal?
A urinalysis helps to evaluate the function of the kidneys and the quality of the urine produced. A urinalysis usually consists of three parts; examining the physical sample, a dipstick analysis to evaluate the presence of certain substances and microscopic examination of the sediment. A urinalysis can evaluate for pyuria (white blood cells in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), crystalluria (crystals in the urine), the presence of abnormal amounts of glucose, ketones and protein, and urine concentration.
Normal urinalysis results include a specific gravity (SG) of 1.020 to 1.070. This measures the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. In the normal patient, dipstick results for protein show negative to trace amounts, negative blood, negative glucose, negative ketones, and negative to trace amounts of bilirubin. The results of the sediment testing (microscopic evaluation) is slightly dependent upon the method of urine collection (free catch, catheterization, or cystocentesis). Essentially a few red blood cells and white blood cells can be normal.
In some cases, additional procedures such as X-rays, abdominal ultrasound, X-rays with contrast (IVP or cystogram) or even exploratory surgery are needed to diagnose a problem.
How Is a Urinalysis Done?
A urinalysis is begun with the collection of a urine sample. Urine can be obtained by three methods:
- Catheterization consists of inserting a flexible plastic tube into the urethra, then up into the bladder (the reservoir inside the body where urine is stored until the pet urinates).
- Cystocentesis is a very common method to obtain urine from dogs and cats. This procedure involves introducing a needle directly into the bladder through the body wall. This is a relatively painless and quick procedure. The pet can be lying or standing. The bladder is palpated (felt) and a needle is inserted into the bladder.
- Free catch urine samples are obtained by catching a sample when the pet urinates. This is easy in some pets and quite difficult in others. Plastic containers, ladles, scoops and various objects can be used. The container should be as clean as possible for the most accurate of results. This method is the least “sterile” and is associated with the most lab error.
Most veterinary hospitals have the equipment to perform a urinalysis although some choose to submit samples to outside laboratories.
A urinalysis generally takes about 30 to 40 minutes to complete.
Is A Urinalysis Painful?
Whether a urinalysis is painful or not depends on the method by which urine is obtained. Catheterization is “uncomfortable” in most pets although many male pets tolerate the procedure well. Females are more difficult to catheterize due to the anatomical location of their urethra.
If urine is obtained by cystocentesis, the needle insertion through the skin can be associated with brief pain, just as any injection.
Is Sedation Or Anesthesia Needed For A Urinalysis?
Neither sedation nor anesthesia is needed in most patients; however, some pets resent positioning for a catheter placement (especially females) and may need tranquilization or ultrashort anesthesia.
THYROID TEST IN DOGS
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures - Endocrinology & Metabolic Diseases
What Is A Thyroid Test?
A thyroid test is a blood test to evaluate the function of the thyroid gland. This gland is responsible for producing thyroid hormone, an important hormone in the regulation and maintenance of body functions. A thyroid test is indicated in any ill animal. Normal animals, especially the elderly, will benefit from thyroid test results and this test is often used as a screening test for underlying illness or disease. Normal results help determine health or exclude certain diseases.
There are no real contraindications to performing this test but care should be taken if the animal has a tendency toward excessive bleeding. After obtaining the sample, extra care should be taken to make sure there is no hemorrhaging from the site where the sample was obtained.
What Does A Thyroid Test Reveal?
A thyroid test will reveal the levels of circulating thyroid hormone in the blood. High levels of thyroid hormone indicate an overproduction by the thyroid gland, typically related to a thyroid tumor. Low levels indicate a poorly functioning thyroid gland, usually associated with immune system disorders that result in destruction of the thyroid gland by the body.
How Is a Thyroid Test Done?
In order to perform a thyroid test, your veterinarian must draw a blood sample, which is placed in a special glass tube. The blood sample is allowed to clot, and is then placed in a centrifuge, where it is divided into two parts: serum and a blood clot. The serum is removed and submitted to a laboratory for analysis. The blood clot is discarded. Some veterinary hospitals are able to perform thyroid tests in their clinic. Most veterinarians rely on outside laboratories.
If performed in the veterinary hospital, a thyroid test generally takes about 40 to 60 minutes to complete. If the sample is submitted to an outside laboratory, results may take 1 to 2 days.
Is A Thyroid Test Painful?
The pain involved is associated with the collection of the blood sample. A needle is used to pierce the skin and enter a blood vessel to draw the sample. As with people, the pain experienced from a needle will vary from individual to individual.
Is Sedation Or Anesthesia Needed For A Thyroid Test?
Neither sedation nor anesthesia is needed in most patients; however, some pets resent needle sticks and may need tranquilization or ultrashort anesthesia.
FECAL EXAMINATION
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
What Is A Fecal Examination?
A fecal examination is the microscopic evaluation of feces. The test is indicated for pets with diarrhea, straining, lack of appetite or vomiting. Annual fecal examinations are recommended on all animals as part of a yearly health exam. Fecal examinations are also recommended on all puppies and kittens.
There is no contraindication to performing this test. Negative results help determine health or may exclude the presence of disease and gastrointestinal parasites.
What Does A Fecal Examination Reveal Or Demonstrate?
Fecal examinations are primarily performed to detect microscopic gastrointestinal parasites, such as roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, Giardia, coccidia and tapeworms. Some abnormal parasites known as spirochetes or flagellates can also be detected.
A positive test result indicates gastrointestinal parasitic disease. Negative results from one fecal sample may be misleading. Some parasites do not shed eggs consistently so some samples may be negative even though the animal actually has a parasitic infection. Repeated fecal examinations may be necessary to detect some elusive parasites.
How Is a Fecal Examination Done?
In order to perform a fecal examination, a fecal sample needs to be obtained. The easiest way to do this would be to pick up a sample of feces after the pet has eliminated. Fresh samples will give the most information.
Fecal samples can also be obtained by other means. There are special fecal loops commercially available. This long narrow wand with a loop at the end is inserted into the rectum. If feces is present, a sample will be obtained in the loop. Another method of obtaining a fecal sample is for the veterinarian to use an exam glove and place a finger in the rectum. Fecal material will adhere to the glove and can be evaluated under a microscope.
After obtaining a fecal sample, the feces is placed in a tube or commercially manufactured fecal container. Special fecal flotation fluid is then added to the tube with the feces and the combination is stirred. This is then allowed to sit for about 20 minutes. The hope is that any parasitic eggs present in the feces will float to the top of the fluid.
After 20 minutes, the top layer of fluid is placed on a microscope slide and examined under a microscope. Each parasite has a characteristic appearance that can be detected by an experienced technician or veterinarian.
The fecal examination generally takes about 30 to 40 minutes and is often performed in your veterinarian's office. Some veterinarian’s choose to submit the fecal sample to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. In these situations, tests results may take 1 to 2 days to obtain.
Is A Fecal Examination Painful?
A fecal examination is not painful. If a fecal loop or digital exam is used to obtain the sample, discomfort may be involved.
Is Sedation Or Anesthesia Needed For A Fecal Examination?
Sedation or anesthesia is not needed for a fecal examination.
EAR SWAB EXAMINATION IN DOGS
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
What Is An Ear Swab Examination?
An ear swab examination is a test used to determine the cause of abnormal ear discharge. Bacteria and/or yeast organisms or mites are common findings with ear infections. The result of the examination can help determine drug choice. Culture and sensitivity can also be performed on an ear swab sample to determine which bacteria are causing the infection and the best choice of antibiotic treatment. An ear swab examination is indicated anytime there is ear discharge, signs of inflammation or itchiness of the ears.
There are no real contraindications to performing this test in an animal with ear inflammation, discharge or itchiness.
What Does An Ear Swab Examination Reveal?
An ear swab examination reveals the presence of bacteria, fungi and parasites. Determining the underlying cause of ear discharge, pain or itchiness can help determine appropriate treatment.
How Is an Ear Swab Examination Done?
To perform an ear swab examination, a cotton tip applicator is placed within the ear canal. With a gentle movement, some discharge or debris is captured on the swab. This discharge is then smeared on a glass slide, stained and examined under a microscope. Results are usually available within 1 to 2 hours. Sometimes, the sample is submitted to an outside laboratory for evaluation. Some test results may not be available for up to 2 to 4 days.
Is An Ear Swab Examination Painful?
Usually, obtaining an ear swab sample is not painful but can cause some discomfort. For some animals, severe ear disease may be present and placing a swab in the highly inflamed, tender canal can be quite painful.
Is Sedation Or Anesthesia Needed For An Ear Swab Examination?
Neither sedation nor anesthesia is needed in most patients; however, sometimes ear disease is so significant that obtaining an ear swab sample can be quite painful. In these situations, tranquilization or ultra shor t anesthesia may be needed.
CHEST RADIOGRAPH (X-RAY)
Dr. Debra Primovic ~ Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
What Is A Thoracic Radiograph?
A thoracic (chest) radiograph (X-ray) is a procedure that allows your veterinarian to visualize tissues, organs and bones that lie beneath the skin of the chest cavity. Thoracic radiographs are recommended for any pet with difficultly breathing or with suspicion of heart disease or lung disease. They are also indicated in geriatric patients, and in patients that may have cancer, to evaluate for metastasis (spread). X-rays of the chest should be taken of every animal that has been hit by a car or suffered other types of major trauma because they can reveal many types of injuries to the chest wall, lungs and heart, or other injuries like diaphragmatic hernia. X-rays are also often repeated to monitor progress after treatment or after removing fluid for better visualization of structures. There is no real contraindication to performing this test. Even normal results help determine health or exclude certain diseases.
What Does A Chest X-Ray Reveal?
Chest X-rays provide an image of the bones and outlines of the heart and lungs. This test can be extremely useful for detecting changes in the shape, size or position of organs. Unfortunately, important structures can sometimes blend together on X-rays, so this test does have limitations. For example, a tumor may blend into the background of normal organs because they have the same "opacity," or shade of gray, as the normal tissues. Abnormal fluid accumulations can obscure the ability to see other structures. Thus, chest X-rays are an excellent "screening test," but they do not detect all internal problems. In some cases, additional procedures such as an echocardiogram (ultrasound), bronchoscopy, trans-tracheal wash or thoracocentesis may be needed to diagnose a problem.
Chest X-rays in normal pets should demonstrate healthy anatomy. This includes normal heart, lungs, blood vessels and bones. Evidence of heart enlargement, fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), fluid in the pleural cavity (pleural effusion), air in the chest cavity (pneumothorax), tumor and/or fractures are all abnormalities.
How Is a Chest X-ray Done?
Specialized, expensive equipment is required to expose and develop the X-ray film. The pet’s chest is measured with a special ruler and the exposure time of the X-ray machine is set. The pet is then placed gently on his side to obtain the “lateral” view. Invisible X-rays then pass from the tube of the radiograph machine, through the animal and onto the X-ray film underneath the pet. Depending on the density of the tissues and organs and the ability of the X-rays to pass through these tissues, different shades of gray will show up on the developed X-ray. This process is then repeated with the animal on his back to obtain the “ventrodorsal” view. Taking two views of the chest will give your veterinarian a more complete study and allow a more thorough interpretation of the chest.
The film is then developed. Radiographs usually take about 5 to 20 minutes to obtain, plus the development time needed for the film (5 to 30 minutes). In some situations, your veterinarian may request the assistance of a radiologist or specialist in evaluating and interpreting the radiographs.
Is A Chest X-Ray Painful?
No pain is involved. The procedure is noninvasive.
Is Sedation Or Anesthesia Needed For A Chest X-Ray?
Neither sedation nor anesthesia is needed in most patients; however, some pets resent positioning for an X-ray and may need tranquilization or ultrashort anesthesia. In a few states there is a legal requirement for sedation so that personnel are not exposed to any X-rays while holding an animal patient. However, in most cases, the unsedated pet is attended by assistants who wear appropriate lead-shields to minimize their exposure to X-rays.
UNDERSTANDING BLOOD WORK: THE BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE
Dr. Dawn Ruben ~ General Practice & Preventative Medicine
Biochemical Profile
Blood work is a very important diagnostic tool that provides a significant amount of information about your pet’s health. A biochemical profile is a blood test that assesses the function of internal organs, measures the electrolytes such as blood potassium, and identifies the levels of circulating enzymes. Understanding the biochemical profile can be difficult but reveals a wealth of information.
Sample
Twenty of the most common tests are listed. Normal values are listed in parentheses and vary from lab to lab and those listed should not be considered universal.
- Glucose..........................117 mcg/dl...(80-120)
- BUN (blood urea nitrogen)........24 mg/dl...(8-29)
- Creatinine…......................0.8 mg/dl...(0.4-1.2)
- Sodium (Na)......................140 mEq/l...(139-164)
- Potassium (K)....................5.2 mEq/l...(4.4-6.1)
- Chloride.........................104 mEq/l...(10-118)
- CO2 (carbon dioxide).............22 mEq/l...(22-285)
- Calcium….........................9.6 mg/dl...(9.4-11.6)
- Phosphorus.......................5.6 mg/dl...(2.5-6.2)
- Total Protein (TP)...............6.3 gm/dl...(5.8-8.1)
- Albumin..........................2.9 gm/dl...(2.6-4)
- Bilirubin........................0.6 mg/dl...(0.2-0.7)
- Cholesterol......................204 mg/dl...(129-330)
- Triglyceride.....................82 mg/dl...(36-135)
- ALKP (alkaline phosphatase)......65 U/l...(20-70)
- AST (asparate aminotransferase)..30 U/l...(14-42)
- ALT (alanine aminotransferase)...45 U/l...(15-52)
- GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase).5 U/l...(1-12)
- Amylase..........................850 U/l...(280-950)
- CK (creatine kinase).............47 U/l...(0-130)
What Does It All Mean?
Glucose is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism and is the primary source of energy for the body. High levels indicate stress, Cushing’s disease, diabetes, pancreatitis or can be due to certain medications. Low levels can indicate liver disease, insulin overdose, severe bacterial infection, hypothyroidism and Addison’s disease. Toy breed puppies are prone to low blood glucose for unknown reasons.
BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen and is the primary end product of protein metabolism. High levels indicate kidney failure or disease, dehydration, shock, high protein diet, certain toxin ingestions, poor circulation to the kidneys and urinary obstruction. Low levels indicate liver disease or starvation.
Creatinine is the end product of phosphocreatine metabolism, which is important in muscle contractions. High levels indicate kidney failure or disease, dehydration, shock, certain toxin ingestions, poor circulation to the kidneys and urinary obstruction. Low levels indicate liver disease or starvation.
Sodium works in combination with potassium and is very important in maintaining normal function of muscle and nerves. It is also an important electrolyte in every part of the body. High levels indicate dehydration, lack of water, diabetes insipidus, Cushing’s and excess salt intake. Low levels indicate starvation, severe diarrhea, vomiting, Addison’s disease, hypothyroidism and metabolic acidosis.
Potassium works in combination with sodium and is very important in maintaining normal function of muscle and nerves. High levels indicate diabetes, certain toxin ingestions, urinary obstruction, acute kidney failure, severe muscle damage and Addison’s disease. Low levels indicate vomiting and diarrhea, gastrointestinal cancer, insulin overdose, Cushing’s disease, overuse of diuretics and starvation.
Chloride is important in maintaining the acid balance in the blood as well as combining with hydrogen to form hydrochloric acid for stomach digestion. High levels indicate dehydration, metabolic acidosis, Addison’s disease and kidney disease. Low levels indicate vomiting and metabolic alkalosis.
CO2 indicates the current acid balance of the body and is the end product of metabolism. High levels indicate an acidic condition and can be due to kidney failure, vomiting, dehydration or overuse of diuretics. Low levels indicate a basic condition of the blood and can be due to starvation, kidney failure (can also cause acidosis), diarrhea and poor liver function.
Calcium is a mineral found throughout the body. It is the basis for bones, teeth and muscle contractions. High levels indicate certain forms of cancer, Addison’s disease, excess intake of vitamin D and an overactive parathyroid gland. Low levels indicate eclampsia, severe pancreatitis, dietary imbalance, intestinal absorption disorders, low intact of vitamin D, Cushing’s disease and certain toxin ingestions.
Phosphorus is often associated with calcium. It is important in all aspects of metabolism. High levels indicate kidney disease, dietary imbalance, excess ingestion of vitamin D and severe tissue trauma. Low levels indicate dietary imbalance, certain cancers, overdose of insulin, diabetes, eclampsia and an overactive parathyroid gland.
Total Protein (TP) is an important substance in all parts of the body. High levels indicate dehydration, inflammation, chronic infection and certain cancers. Low levels indicate intestinal absorption problems, liver disease, Addison’s disease, severe burns and losses through the kidneys.
Albumin is the major protein found in the body. It carries various substances through the blood and is important in maintaining pressure within the vessels. High levels indicate dehydration. Low levels indicate chronic inflammation, liver disease, kidney disease, starvation and blood loss.
Bilirubin is a bile pigment and is the end product of red blood cell breakdown. High levels typically result in jaundice and can be due to bile duct obstruction, gall bladder obstruction, liver disease and rapid breakdown of red blood cells. Low levels are not considered clinically relevant.
Cholesterol is important in the synthesis of certain hormones. High levels are not as important as in people. Low levels indicate liver disease, starvation, kidney disease, Cushing’s, pancreatitis, diabetes and hypothyroidism.
Triglyceride is important in storing fat and releasing fatty acids. High levels have been associated with seizures in schnauzers. Low levels indicate starvation or malnutrition.
ALKP is important in metabolism and is found in liver cells. High levels indicate bile duct obstruction, Cushing’s, liver disease, certain cancers and may be due to certain drugs such as steroids or phenobarbital. Low levels indicate starvation or malnutrition.
AST is important in the breakdown and elimination of nitrogen. High levels indicate muscle damage, heart muscle damage, liver damage, toxin ingestion, inflammation and various metabolic disorders. Low levels indicate starvation or malnutrition.
ALT is also important in the metabolism of nitrogen and is most often associated with the liver. High levels indicate liver damage, toxin ingestion, Cushing’s disease and various metabolic disorders. Low levels indicate starvation or malnutrition.
GGT is also important in nitrogen metabolism and is found within liver cells. High levels indicate bile duct obstruction, liver disease, pancreatitis, Cushing’s and can be caused by high levels of steroids. Low levels indicate starvation and malnutrition.
Amylase is secreted by the pancreas and is important in normal digestion of starch. High levels indicate pancreatic inflammation or cancer, kidney disease, prostatic inflammation, diabetic ketoacidosis and liver cancer. Low levels can indicate malnutrition or starvation.
CK is very important in storing energy needed for muscle contractions. High levels indicate muscle trauma or damage such as due to seizures, surgery, bruises, inflammation, nutritional and degenerative diseases. Low levels are not clinically relevant.
ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPH (X-RAY)
Dr. Debra Primovic ~ Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
What Is An Abdominal Radiograph (X-Ray)?
An abdominal radiograph (X-ray) is a procedure that allows your veterinarian to visualize tissue, organs and bones that lie beneath the skin. Abdominal X-rays are indicated to evaluate pets with abdominal symptoms such as vomiting, retching, constipation or diarrhea. This test can also be helpful in cases of unexplained fever, abdominal trauma, penetrating abdominal wounds, loss of appetite or weight loss. An X-ray is often done when a pet is suspected of swallowing foreign material, when blood tests indicate a problem with abdominal organs, or as a follow up to physical examination when abdominal pain or another abnormality is detected. Detecting stage of pregnancy and number of fetuses is another important use of the X-ray. Kidney, urinary bladder and reproductive tract problems can also benefit from an abdominal X-ray. There is no real contraindication to performing this test. Even normal results help determine health or exclude certain diseases.
What Does An Abdominal X-Ray Reveal Or Demonstrate?
Abdominal X-rays provide an image of the bones and the outlines of a number of internal organs including the liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys, bladder, uterus and prostate gland. This test can be extremely useful for detecting changes in the shape, size or position of organs. Unfortunately, important structures can sometimes blend together on X-rays, so this test does have limitations. For example, a tumor may blend into the background of normal organs because they have the same "opacity," or shade of gray as the normal tissues. Some foreign objects (such as some plastics) can be invisible on the X-ray. Thus, abdominal X-rays are an excellen t "screening test," but they do not detect all internal problems. In some cases, additional procedures such as ultrasound, endoscopy (scoping), contrast (barium) or dye study or even exploratory surgery are needed to diagnose an intra-abdominal problem.
How Is an Abdominal X-ray Done?
Specialized, expensive equipment is required to expose and develop the X-ray film. The pet’s abdomen is measured with a special ruler and the exposure time of the X-ray machine is set. The pet is then placed gently on his side to obtain the “lateral” view. Invisible X-rays then pass from the tube of the radiograph machine, through the animal and onto the X-ray film underneath the pet. Depending on the density of the tissues and organs and the ability of the X-rays to pass through these tissues, different shades of gray will show up on the developed X-ray. This process is then repeated with the animal on his back to obtain the “ventrodorsal” view. Taking two views of the abdomen will give your veterinarian a more complete study and allow a more thorough interpretation of the abdomen.
The film is then developed. Radiographs usually take about 5 to 20 minutes to obtain, plus the development time needed for the film (5 to 30 minutes). Special studies (such as a barium study) take much longer. In some situations, your veterinarian may request the assistance of a radiologist or specialist in evaluating and interpreting the radiographs.
Is An Abdominal X-Ray Painful?
No pain is involved. The procedure is noninvasive.
Is Sedation Or Anesthesia Needed For An Abdominal X-Ray?
Neither sedation nor anesthesia is needed in most patients; however, some pets resent positioning for an X-ray and may need tranquilization or ultrashort anesthesia. In a few states there is a legal requirement for sedation so that personnel are not exposed to any X-rays while holding an animal patient. However, in most cases, the unsedated pet is attended by assistants who wear appropriate lead-shields to minimize their exposure to X-rays.
UNDERSTANDING BLOOD WORK: THE COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC)
Dr. Dawn Ruben ~ General Practice & Preventative Medicine
CBC Values
Blood work is a very important diagnostic tool that provides a significant amount of information about your pet’s health. A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test used to measure and evaluate cells that circulate in the blood. The test includes an actual counting of red and white blood cells as well as an analysis of cells viewed on a blood smear. A CBC may be useful as a screening test for underlying infection, anemia and illness.
Sometimes, the CBC can help determine the underlying cause of an anemia or infection. Drugs that affect the bone marrow change the CBC. Certain types of cancers, especially leukemia, may be evident on a blood smear. Blood parasites and some microorganisms are found by careful inspection of the blood cells during the CBC. In some cases, the results of the CBC will prompt your veterinarian to recommend other diagnostic tests.
Sample CBC
The following is an example of a complete blood count report. Normal values often vary from lab to lab and are represented in parentheses. These norms should not be considered universal.
- WBC..... 10.6 x 10-3/mcl.........(4-12 x 10-3/mcl)
- RBC....... 6.2 x 10-6/mcl........(5.7-10.5 x 10-6/mcl)
- HGB........ 14 g/dl............(9-16 g/dl)
- HCT..........48%................(38-52%)
- MCV....... 55.9 fl............(40-60 fl)
- MCH....... 18.2 pg............(15-20 pg)
- MCHC...... 33.5 g/dl..........(32-36 g/dl)
- PLT........ 210/mcl.............(160-420/mcl)
Differential
- Segs......... 48%..............(51-72%)
- Lymphs..... 40%..............(8-35%)
- Monos........ 6%..............(1-9%)
- Eos............ 4%...............(0-9%)
- Baso.......... 2%...............(0-2%)
What Does It All Mean?
- WBC is an abbreviation for white blood cell count. These cells help fight infection and respond when an area of the body becomes inflamed. Elevated white blood cell counts indicate infection, inflammation and some forms of cancer or leukemia. Low white blood cells counts can indicate viral infections, bone marrow abnormalities or overwhelming infections and sepsis (blood poisoning). In this situation, the white blood cells are concentrated in the area of infection and are not circulating in the blood, resulting in a low count.
- RBC is an abbreviation for red blood cell count. These cells are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. Oxygen is used as fuel for the body and is very important. High red blood cell numbers usually indicate dehydration but can also indicate uncommon diseases that cause an excess production of red blood cells from the bone marrow. Low red blood cell counts are referred to as anemia and can be a result of blood loss, active bleeding, bone marrow disease or excessive red blood cell breakdown that is seen in some immune diseases and toxin ingestion.
- HGB is an abbreviation for hemoglobin. This molecule is responsible for binding and releasing oxygen onto the red blood cells. Without hemoglobin, oxygen cannot be transported. High levels of hemoglobin usually indicate high red blood cell counts and dehydration. Low levels indicate anemia, bleeding or iron deficiency.
- HCT is an abbreviation for hematocrit. The hematocrit is a calculated percentage of red blood cells in the circulation. It gives similar information to the red blood cell count but the value is expressed as a percentage. The other part of the blood is serum, containing enzymes, proteins, electrolytes, etc. High hematocrits indicate dehydration or rare bone marrow disorders resulting in increased red blood cell production. Low hematocrits indicate anemia, bone marrow disorders, blood loss, active bleeding or excessive red blood destruction due to toxins or immune disorders.
- MCV is an abbreviation for mean corpuscular volume. This is the average size of the red blood cells. A high MCV usually indicated certain vitamin deficiencies. A low MCV indicated iron deficiency.
- MCH is an abbreviation for mean corpuscular hemoglobin. This is the average weight of hemoglobin in each red blood cell and is different than hemoglobin circulating in the blood. A high MCH indicates poorly oxygenated blood. A low MCH indicates iron deficiency.
- MCHC is an abbreviation for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. This is the average percentage of hemoglobin in each red blood cell. A high MCHC indicates that there is too much hemoglobin in the red blood cell, indicating a high iron level since an important component of hemoglobin is iron. Iron excess is just as damaging to the body as iron deficiency. A low MCHC indicates anemia.
- PLT is an abbreviation for platelets. The platelets are responsible for sealing any leaks in the blood vessels. When platelet counts are low, spontaneous bleeding can occur. High platelet counts usually indicate a disorder of the bone marrow or an overwhelming response to an immune blood disease. Low platelet counts indicate bleeding or excessive destruction of platelets caused by parasites or immune diseases.
The Differential
A differential is an analysis of the different types of white blood cells. There are five types of white blood cells and the distribution of these cells can help determine an underlying cause of illness.
- Segs is an abbreviation for segmental neutrophils. These are the primary white blood cells responsible for fighting infections. High levels of neutrophils indicate infection. Low levels can indicate sepsis. The neutrophils are concentrated in the area of infection or are rapidly being used, leaving less circulating in the blood.
- Lymphs is an abbreviation for lymphocytes. These white blood cells are also responsible for fighting infection and also develop antibodies to protect the body against future attacks. High levels of lymphocytes can indicate infection, viral disease or certain cancers such as lymphosarcoma. Low levels can indicate viral infections affecting the bone marrow or sepsis.
- Mono is an abbreviation for monocytes. This white blood cell helps the neutrophils fight infections. High monocyte counts indicate infection. It is unlikely that there will be no monocytes and a differential with zero monocytes does not indicate any specific ailment.
- Eos is an abbreviation for eosinophil. This white blood cell is primarily involved in fighting allergies or parasites. High eosinophil counts indicate an allergy or parasite causing illness. Low levels are not possible since zero eosinophils are possible in normal blood samples.
- Baso is an abbreviation for basophils. This white blood cell is not very common but can be seen in certain parasitic infection, primarily heartworm. High levels indicate possible parasitism. Low levels are not possible since zero basophils are possible in normal blood samples.
The complete blood count provides a wealth of information – if you know how to read and interpret the results. For further explanation or interpretation of your pet’s CBC, consult your veterinarian.
Pets that are ill may have a variety of procedures performed by a veterinarian. Here is some information about the most common procedures. Please check with our clinic to find out which prodecures are currently available.